In nutrient-depleted coral reefs, some sponge species are thought to make carbon biologically available by excreting a form of “sponge poop” that other organisms feed on, thereby fueling productivity throughout the ecosystem. A diverse sponge population can affect water quality on the reef as the sponges filter water, collect bacteria, and process carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Regardless of these differences, sponges are important inhabitants of coral reef ecosystems. While most sponges are found in the ocean, numerous species are also found in fresh water and estuaries.
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